By now, most of our migratory summer birds have departed Hilton Pond Center for destinations in the Neotropics. Birds that eat free-flying insects--and that includes everything from Acadian Flycatchers to Ruby-throated Hummingbirds--would have a tough time in winter when cold weather drastically knocks back dependable populations of aerial bugs. These migrant birds depart for warmer climes, and a whole new crop of winter-tolerant species comes in from New England and Canada. The Center already is being graced by White-throated Sparrows, Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers, and Yellow-rumped Warblers, and each year by the third week in October such winter residents are joined by an assemblage of royal emissaries from far-off lands.

This new entourage really IS a royal group--the Regulidae (from the Latin word rex, which means "king")--a family that includes two of the tiniest songbirds in North America: the Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Regulus calendula, and Golden-crowned Kinglet, R. satrapa. Historically, taxonomists lumped kinglets (Regulidae) with gnatcatchers (Sylviidae) and even the spot-breasted thrushes (Turdidae), but modern DNA work has separated them into three distinct families. Unfortunately, some relatively recent field guides still describe a catch-all group of "Old World Warblers" that includes kinglets and gnatcatchers, but only the latter truly belong in that family. Better we should follow current scientific wisdom and place the kinglets alone in the Regulidae, lest we taint their "royal" bloodline.

No matter how you classify them, however, kinglets are delightful birds to watch because of their behavior and appearance. Golden-crowned Kinglets are the most regal; both sexes bear a yellow crown trimmed with black stripes (female top and bottom photos), and the male has an additional top-knot of red-orange feathers (above right) that is sometimes hidden. In Ruby-crowned Kinglets, the female wears no tiara, but the male (next two photos below) has a scarlet spot atop his head that he reveals on appropriate occasions--including territorial disputes, mating opportunities, or even when another male gets too close on the wintering grounds. Golden-crowned Kinglets differ further in having a dark line through the eye, while Ruby-crowneds have a plain face and an incomplete white eye-ring that makes the eye appear larger than it is. Both species sport white wingbars and pale yellowish-green backs, but from below the brighter grayish flanks of the Golden-crowned are usually distinguishable from the Ruby-crowned's buffy-olive. Although Golden-crowned Kinglets seldom sing except on the breeding grounds, a Ruby-crowned occasionally blurts forth with his "liberty, liberty, liberty" in spring and fall migration. Kinglet vocalizations are so high-pitched that many people cannot hear them.

Golden-crowned Kinglets are quite tiny, measuring only 10cm (4") long from bill tip to the end of the tail, and weighing a scant 6g (0.2 oz)--barely twice the mass of a Ruby-throated Hummingbird! Ruby-crowneds are a tad larger, weighing in at 6.5g and measuring 11cm. When temperatures get very low, both species may seem bigger when they fluff up their plumage and look like feathered spheres on a twig.

Kinglets have been called "butterfly birds" because they flutter about in trees and shrubs, flicking their wings and hovering at the tips of branches where they use sharp, black bills to glean insects and spiders and their eggs. In winter the two kinglet species forage in mixed flocks in deciduous woodlots, but they also frequent Piedmont pine plantations and other habitats. Here at Hilton Pond Center, our most successful location for mist-netting kinglets from 1990 through 1995 was an old field populated by a dense stand of four-to-eight-foot Eastern Red Cedars. In recent winters, we've deployed nets with 60mm mesh in that area to capture Northern Saw-whet Owls, and this netting is large enough to allow diminutive kinglets to slip through; this may be a primary reason for fewer kinglets banded as of late--even though numbers are significantly lower now than in the mid-1980s (click on thumbnailed chart above right). During our 21 years of banding at the Center, Ruby-crowneds have far outnumbered Golden-crowned Kinglets, 541 to 150; in fact, Ruby-crowneds have been the 16th most common of our 123 species banded since 1982--even though they made up only 1.3% of 41,764 individuals.

By next March, both kinds of kinglets will start making their way northward toward the breeding grounds. First to leave are the Golden-crowneds--some of which travel only as far as the southern Appalachians, with others going on to breed in Canada's boreal spruce-fir forests. We have had on occasional Ruby-crowned linger at Hilton Pond Center until as late as 8 May, perhaps because the limits of its more northerly breeding grounds around Hudson Bay and in central Alaska are still too cold for egg-laying.

Although Ruby-crowned and Golden-crowned Kinglets are at Hilton Pond Center for only part of the year, our drab winter days are certain to be brightened by their regal appearance and lively behavior. Long live the king(lets)!

SPECIES BANDED THIS WEEK
Ruby-crowned Kinglet--7*
Golden-crowned Kinglet--2*
Chestnut-sided Warbler--1
Yellow-rumped Warbler--11
Pine Warbler--1
Eastern Phoebe--1
American Goldfinch--1
Blue-headed (Solitary) Vireo--2*
Eastern Towhee--2
Northern Cardinal--3
White-throated Sparrow--5
Gray-cheeked Thrush--1
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker--1*
Hermit Thrush--5
Eastern Bluebird--1
House Finch--2
Blue Jay--1

* = New species for 2002

NOTABLE RECAPTURES
(with original banding dates)
Northern Cardinal (2)
09/19/99--4th year female
10/14/99--after 3rd year female
White-throated Sparrow (1)
12/19/00--after 2nd year male

YEARLY BANDING TOTAL
(2002)
75 species
2,047 individuals

BANDING GRAND TOTAL
(since 28 June 1982)
123 species
41,766 individuals

SIGHTINGS OF INTEREST
--A Great Blue Heron was stalking in high grass in mudflats around Hilton Pond.
--The 26 October banding date for a hatch-year Chestnut-sided Warbler was only a few days shy of the latest recorded date for this species in South Carolina.

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