A decade ago, our vulture observations were facilitated by Hilton Pond Center's location about a mile or so from the York County landfill, the main roosting and foraging ground in the region for avian scavengers such as vultures and gulls. Today, the landfill no longer allows open dumping of garbage; instead, trucks haul the cornucopia of human table scraps to some far-off location and avian scavengers have plummeted to a fraction of their previous number. There are enough roadkill 'possums, squirrels, and feral cats to provide sustenance for a small flock or two, but these days we're lucky if we see more than a dozen Black or Turkey Vultures wheeling overhead.

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Although many folks confuse these two vulture species, they're pretty easy to distinguish. A carrion's-eye view reveals that Black Vultures (above left) have whitish primary feathers (wingtips); by comparison, the Turkey Vulture shows a gray trailing edge to its entire wing (above right). These light-colored areas are especially noticeable as either species banks in the sunlight. Turkey Vultures also have longer, rounded tails; in fact, the tail of a Black Vulture is so short the bird sometimes looks like a flying wing.

The head of a Black Vulture, Coragyps atratus (top photo), remains dark throughout its life, while young Turkey Vultures, Cathartes aura, have gray heads that turn bright red (i.e., Wild Turkey-like) as they mature (below right). In silhouette, the nape of the Black Vulture's neck appears feathered, while that of a Turkey Vulture is naked, but both birds can pull their heads in partway, preventing heat loss from bare skin. Neither of these two vultures is completely black; in fact, some Turkey Vultures appear almost brown from above. Sexes look alike in both species.

In the past 15 years or so, Black Vultures have expanded their range so far north that it's no longer rare to see them in fall migration over such spots as Hawk Mountain Sanctuary in Eastern Pennsylvania--a far piece from Mexico City where they roam the streets year-round just like urban pigeons in Boston or New York. Historically, Turkey Vultures have been more widely distributed across the continental U.S. and into southern Canada--as well as southward into temperate South America; their northern- and southern-most populations tend to move closer to the equator during cold weather.

Usually, our New World Vultures (Cathartidae) are grouped in field guides with other soaring birds such as hawks, falcons, and eagles, but modern DNA analysis indicates they're much more closely related to another group of naked-headed birds--the storks. Furthermore, unlike diurnal raptors, vultures have relatively weak bills that are not heavily hooked, and their blunt-clawed feet are definitely non-raptorial. Despite their preference for dead things, both our vulture species have been known to take live prey; Black Vultures in particular sometimes kill newborn calves and lambs, develop a taste for hatchlings in egret and heron rookeries, or even run down live skunks.

It's possible to trap vultures using dead animals as bait, but at Hilton Pond Center we don't bother because it's not permissible to band them. Since vultures tend to urinate on their own legs--a behavior that may help cool them in hot weather, or that may kill bacteria that invariably collect as the birds hop around in their decomposing food items--uric acid deposits would accumulate around the bands and cause problems. Thus, vulture biologists use wing tags rather than bands.

Both species of Piedmont vultures have keen vision, but John James Audubon was first to demonstrate that Turkey Vultures primarily use olfaction to locate prey; their sense of smell is so acute they can home in on a dead squirrel beneath leaves on the forest floor over which they are soaring. In a curious symbiotic relationship, the keen-nosed Turkey Vulture sometimes finds a prey item and descends on it to dine, only to be followed by olfaction-deprived Black Vultures that have been watching attentively from above. The more aggressive interlopers often displace their host and tear into the carrion, leaving only bone and sinew as a reward for the Turkey Vulture's diligent scouting work.

Vulture courtship is underway here in the Carolina Piedmont, and some pairs already may be sharing incubation of their two-egg clutches, which take 40 days or so to hatch; chicks are fed a slurry of regurgitated food and fledge about 70 days. Hard to believe as it may seem, New World Vultures are cavity-nesters, and it takes a pretty large hole to accommodate them. Sometimes they nest in rotten tree stumps, in shallow caves or on cliff ledges, or even on the floor of abandoned barns and old houses. Complete lack of nest sanitation sometimes makes it possible for a field naturalist with a strong stomach to find the nest by smell--an odor that is accentuated when adult and/or nestling vultures defend their territory by throwing up on the trespasser.

Here at Hilton Pond Center, both vulture species have taken to day-roosting in the tallest White and Southern Red Oak trees just outside our office window. From these high perches, a half-dozen vultures may sit and preen, spreading wings to dry after a mid-winter rain (above right) and perhaps awaiting the odor of offal when another 'possum bites the dust on a nearby roadside. Then, if the wind is just right, they noisily flap their great wings (below) and grab the nearest thermal as off they go to work as nature's sanitation engineers.

The Black Vulture in the top photo has managed over the past week to consume most of a monstrous four-foot Grass Carp washed up on the bank of Hilton Pond, so we're grateful these carrion-eaters still frequent local skies--especially since a dead fish and warm spring weather-to-come would make a very unpleasant combination for human nostrils.